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Introduction
Databases Overview
Databases provide structured storage with indexing and relationships.
Relational Databases: OLTP: RDS & Aurora (SQL)
NoSQL Databases: Purpose-built, flexible, and scalable.
AWS Shared Responsibility: Managed databases offer quick provisioning, OS patching, high availability, horizontal scaling, and automated Backup & Restore.
Database Deployment and Scalability Options
Read Replica: For high scalability, scale read workload, write to main, read from many.
Multi-Availability Zone: For high availability, failover DB, passive not accessible until main DB fails, read, and write to main.
Multi-Region: For disaster recovery, local performance, write to main, read from local
Sever-Based: Give instance size (CPU, memory, storage etc.), auto scales out but scale up is manual.
Server-Less: No management overhead, auto scales in/out or up/down based on workload.
Relational vs. Non-Relational Databases
When it comes to choosing the right database for your application, one of the fundamental decisions you'll face is whether to opt for a relational or non-relational database. Each type offers distinct advantages and use cases, making it essential to understand the differences between them.
| Aspect | Relational Databases | Non-Relational Databases |
| Data Structure | Structured with tables, rows, and columns | Flexible, schema-less or schema-on-read |
| Schema Definition | Requires predefined schema | Dynamic schema or schema-less |
| Query Language | SQL (Structured Query Language) | Various query languages depending on database |
| Scaling | Generally vertically scalable | Horizontally scalable |
| Data Integrity | Enforces ACID properties for transactions | May sacrifice some ACID properties for scalability |
| Use Cases | Transactional applications, reporting, analytics | Big data, real-time applications, IoT, gaming |
| Examples | MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server | MongoDB, Cassandra, DynamoDB, Redis |
AWS Relational Database Services Table:
| Relational Database Service | Description | Features | Use Cases |
| RDS (❌) | Managed relational database service (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server, etc.) | Quick provisioning, automated backups, high availability, horizontal scaling, read replicas. Backed by EBS, no SSH access to instances. | OLTP, Transactional Workloads |
| Aurora (❌) | High-performance, MySQL (5X) and PostgreSQL (3X)-compatible relational database engine. | Automated replication, scaling, up to 128TB. Highly optimized for read-heavy applications. | High-Performance, Scalable Workloads |
| Aurora Serverless (✅) | On-demand CPU, memory, storage etc., based on usage. Auto DB instantiated | Auto- vertical, scaling based on usage, pay per second. | Unpredictable Workloads, unpredictable traffic patterns, Infrequent Access |
| Redshift (❌) | OLAP DB based on PostgreSQL, Petabyte scale. | Columnar storage, massively parallel processing, integrates with BI tools, | OLAP, Data Warehousing, Analytics |
| Redshift Serverless(✅) | Designed for analyzing large datasets. | Pay only for compute and Storage used during analysis and not instance provision |
Symbols Legend:
❌: Not Serverless
✅: Serverless
AWS Non-Relational Database Services Table:
| Non-Relational Database Service | Description | Features | Use Cases | |
| ElastiCache (✅) | Managed Redis or Memcached in-memory caching service. | Improves performance by caching frequently accessed data, reduces load on databases. | Caching, High-Performance. Ideal for improving latency-sensitive applications. | |
| DynamoDB (✅) | Fully managed NoSQL database service for low-latency applications. AWS Proprietary. | Single-digit millisecond latency, auto scaling, multi-region replication | Real-Time Analytics, Gaming | |
| DynamoDB Global Tables (✅) | Multi-active and multi-region database | Automatically replicate changes from any replica to the replicas in the other regions. | Low-latency access to the data no matter where they are located. | |
| DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX)(✅) | Low-latency data access. | microsecond latency, | caching for DynamoDB only | |
| DocumentDB (❌) | Fully managed MongoDB and JSON- compatible document database service. | Scalable, highly available, automatic backups and software patching, fully managed. | Content Management, Personalization | |
| Neptune (✅) | Fully managed graph database service. | Auto-replicates data across multiple AZ. | Social Networks, Recommendation. Applications with complex relations bwn data entities. | |
| Timestream (✅) | Fully managed time series database service. | Optimized for storing and analyzing time-series data, scales based on demand. | Time-series data by IoT devices for Data Analytics, DevOps | |
| Quantum Ledger Database (QLDB) (✅) | Fully managed central DB ledger database service for tracking data changes over time. | Immutable, cryptographically verifiable, Central DB owned by AWS. | Financial Transactions, Compliance | |
| Managed Blockchain (✅) | Managed decentralized multi-party transactions service for creating and managing blockchain networks. | joining public or creating private blockchain networks, Compatible with Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum, | Supply Chain Management, Finance, Eliminates the overhead of managing infrastructure. |
Symbols Legend:
❌: Not Serverless
✅: Serverless
AWS Database Utility Services
| Service | Description | Features and Additional Information | Use Cases |
| EMR (Elastic Map Reduce) (✅) | Managed Hadoop clusters for big data processing. | Elastic scaling, supports Hadoop ecosystem, cost-effective processing of large datasets. | Big Data Processing, Data Lakes |
| Athena (✅) | Query service for analyzing data stored in S3 using SQL. Interactive Query Service | Pay-per-query you run pricing, integrates with various data sources. | Ad-Hoc Queries, Data Exploration |
| QuickSight(✅) | Serverless business intelligence service for creating interactive dashboards. | Easy visualization of data, integrates with other AWS services. | Business Intelligence, Reporting |
| AWS Glue(✅) | Managed ETL service for preparing and transforming data. | Data catalog service, integrates with various AWS services. | Data Integration, Data Transformation, ETL for analytics |
| DMS – Database Migration Service (✅) | Quickly and securely migrates databases to AWS while still being able to use old DB during migration. | Minimizes downtime during migrations, supports a wide range of source and target databases. | Cloud Migration, Database Replication |
Symbols Legend:
❌: Not Serverless
✅: Serverless
Summary:
Introduction to Databases:
Databases provide structured storage with indexing and relationships.
Relational databases (like RDS and Aurora) suit transactional workloads.
NoSQL databases offer flexibility and scalability.
AWS Managed databases ensure quick provisioning, high availability, and automated backups.
Database Deployment and Scalability Options:
Various options (e.g., Read Replica, Multi-Availability Zone, Multi-Region) offer scalability and high availability.
Deployment options range from server-based instances to serverless configurations.
Relational vs. Non-Relational Databases:
Relational databases enforce structured schemas and ACID properties, suitable for transactional applications.
Non-relational databases provide dynamic schemas and horizontal scalability, ideal for big data and real-time applications.
Relational Database Services:
RDS: Managed relational database service.
Aurora: High-performance MySQL and PostgreSQL-compatible engine.
Aurora Serverless: On-demand auto-scaling version of Aurora.
Redshift: Data warehousing optimized for analytics.
Non-Relational Database Services:
ElastiCache: Managed Redis or Memcached in-memory caching service.
DynamoDB: Fully managed NoSQL database service.
DynamoDB Global Tables: Multi-active and multi-region database replication.
DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX): Cache for DynamoDB, microseconds latency
Neptune: Fully managed graph database service.
Timestream: Fully managed time series database service.
QLDB: Fully managed central ledger database service.
Managed Blockchain: Managed decentralized multi-party transactions service.
AWS Database Utility Services:
EMR: Managed Hadoop clusters for big data processing.
Athena: Query service for analyzing data stored in S3 using SQL.
QuickSight: Serverless business intelligence service for interactive dashboards.
AWS Glue: Managed ETL service for data preparation and transformation.
DMS: Database Migration Service for seamless migrations to AWS.WS.